Greenfield foreign investment

Introduction A large Australian manufacturing firm is keen to internationalise by a Greenfield foreign direct investment via sole ownership in Sri Lanka as a developing country and Taiwan as a developed nation. The essay focuses on advantages and disadvantages of investing in each country, legal systems, and political, cultural, and economic risks. It concludes by showing the best country to host the company’s foreign direct investment.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Greenfield foreign investment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages and Disadvantages of Investing in Taiwan and Sri Lanka The Heritage Foundation 2013 Index of Economic Freedom shows that Taiwan is among the most competitive countries in economic freedom with a score of 72.7, which ranks it 20th (The Heritage Foundation, 2013b). It improved by 0.8 points relative to the previous year’s score. This shows that the country has mad e significant gains in labour, business, and corruption reforms. Its corporate tax rate is 17 percent. Taiwan has experienced significant economic improvement since 2009. Improved commercial codes and free market policies have facilitated growth in the private sector. The country has huge growth potential (PKF Taiwan, 2011). Although the government control has declined, corruption has continued to hinder economic growth in the country. In addition, rigid labour market practices have also affected the growth. According to the Heritage Foundation 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, Sri Lanka scored 60.7 points. The country has improved against its previous score by 2.4 points to claim 81st place in the ranking (The Heritage Foundation, 2013a). The country made the progress in â€Å"fiscal freedom, investment freedom, and the control of government spending† (The Heritage Foundation, 2013a). It has improved on foreign exchange transactions and taxes (top corporate tax is 28 percent). Sri Lanka has not instituted sound reforms for economic stability. Moreover, the country has weak institutions, which have failed to protect investors against corruption and property rights. Economic reforms have yielded poor outcomes (Balamurali and Bogahawatte, 2004). Sri Lanka has streamlined procedures for setting up a new business, but licensing could take over 200 days. Still, the labour market suffers major â€Å"inefficiency due to discrepancies in supply and demand† (The Heritage Foundation, 2013a).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The country also faces soaring inflation. There are non-tariff barriers that affect investments in Sri Lanka. Although the country has improved in controlling foreign exchange transactions, the state has continued to control credit allocation due to high rates of non-performing loans. Still, it has bureaucratic procedures and poor infrastructures. The Effects of Legal Systems on the Business Taiwan has a strong legal system that â€Å"protects investors, property rights, and maintains the rule of law† (The Heritage Foundation, 2013b). The country has considerable state involvement in economic activities. Labour laws are not favourable to investors. Conversely, Sri Lanka has an incompetent justice system that is prone to executive interference and corruption. There are widespread commercial court delays, which results in out-of-court settlements. Sri Lanka has a fair process of registering private property, but it experiences high rates of fraud and document forgery. There are also rampant â€Å"property disputes between the northern and eastern parts of the country† (The Heritage Foundation, 2013a). The public sector suffers drawbacks due to a widespread corruption. Political, Cultural, and Economic Risks Taiwan is a multi-party democracy state. The country is not a member of the UN and other i nternational bodies due to influences from China, which continues to pressure it into unification. It has a stable political system, and the political leadership encourages foreign investments through transparent and efficient processes. Taiwan culture consists of several cultures, but it may not be familiar to a Western company. Hence, it is important to study the culture of the people (Michigan State University, 2013). Economic reforms have favoured foreign investments. The country protects investors’ freedom to do business through effective rule of law. Business registration is simple in procedures and straightforward. However, the rigidity of the labour market could negatively affect investors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Greenfield foreign investment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taiwan has monetary stability. In addition, the financial sector has improved in order to offer different financia l trade instruments and services. However, government interference has persisted, and it could have negative impacts on FDI (Blaine, 2009; Froot, 2008). Sri Lanka political system has been unstable because of threats from â€Å"the terrorist, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam† (The Heritage Foundation, 2013a). However, this has improved since 2010, but with poor records on human rights. Today, the political leadership encourages foreign investments. The country heavily relies on foreign aid for infrastructure development. There is political interference in the judicial system and heavy state interventions in economic affairs. Sri Lanka culture differs from Australian culture. Generally, one needs to understand the culture of Sri Lanka in order to conduct business successfully. Sri Lanka experiences high rates of inflation and constant delays in the justice system and government interference in economic affairs, which affect business activities. Although there is a registration process for private property, cases of fraud and forgery may lead to lose of investments. The country has corrupt public servants and mistrust is widespread. The property disputes may also affect investors negatively. Challenges in the labour market could also have negative impacts on investors (Board of Investment, n.d). There is also government interference with foreign exchange transactions. The country suffers from poor infrastructure and bureaucracy, which hinder development in the private sector. The government controls credit allocation in the country. Conclusion After a careful review of Sri Lanka and Taiwan, the company will establish its Greenfield foreign investment in Taiwan. Sri Lanka is fraught with risks and uncertainties (UNCTAD, 2012). Conversely, Taiwan has relatively favourable economic conditions for Greenfield foreign investment than Sri Lanka (Globlatrade.net, 2013). Reference List Balamurali, N and Bogahawatte, C 2004, ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Eco nomic Growth in Sri Lanka’, Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37-50.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Blaine, H 2009, Foreign Direct Investment, Nova Science Publishers, New York. Board of Investment n.d., BOI: Sri Lanka. Web. Froot, K 2008, Foreign Direct Investment, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Globlatrade.net. (2013). Foreign Direct Investment in Taiwan. Web. Michigan State University. (2013). Taiwan: Culture. Web. PKF Taiwan 2011, Doing business in Taiwan, PKF, Taipei. The Heritage Foundation 2013a, 2013 Index of Economic Freedom: Sri Lanka. Web. The Heritage Foundation 2013b, 2013 Index of Economic Freedom: Taiwan. Web. UNCTAD 2012, World Investment Report 2012. Web. This report on Greenfield foreign investment was written and submitted by user Alyssa Thornton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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The Industrial Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of dramatic changes, from hand tools and handmade items, to products which were mass produced by machines. Workers became more productive with their new machines, and since more items were manufactured, prices dropped, making hard to make items available to not only the rich, but the poor also. Life improved, but the industrial revolution also caused some problems. Pollution increased, working conditions were harmful, and people employed women and young children, and made them work long and hard hours. The Industrial Revolution was a time for big changes. The Industrial Revolution started in England around 1733 with the first cotton mill. As new inventions were being created, factories followed soon after. England wanted to keep its industrialization a secret, so they prohibited anyone who had worked in a factory to leave the country. Meanwhile, Americans offered a large reward to anyone who could build a cotton-spinning machine in the United States. Samuel Slater, who had worked in an English cotton factory, disguised himself and came to America. Once here, he reconstructed a cotton-spinning machine from what he remembered. He then went on and created a factory of his own. The Industrial Revolution had arrived in the United States. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in1793. It was a machine for getting seeds out of cotton. Where before the seeds had to be picked by hand, slaves used the machines to significantly increase production. Later on, Whitney became quite famous for building muskets with interchangeable parts. These were the easiest and fastest guns to make. They became very popular due to their lower cost. Another man who helped the Industrial Revolution was Robert Fulton who invented the steam engine. Robert Fulton was a famous inventor and engineer. His engine was used to power steamboats all over the United States. He built a paddle... Free Essays on The Industrial Revolution Free Essays on The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of dramatic changes, from hand tools and handmade items, to products which were mass produced by machines. Workers became more productive with their new machines, and since more items were manufactured, prices dropped, making hard to make items available to not only the rich, but the poor also. Life improved, but the industrial revolution also caused some problems. Pollution increased, working conditions were harmful, and people employed women and young children, and made them work long and hard hours. The Industrial Revolution was a time for big changes. The Industrial Revolution started in England around 1733 with the first cotton mill. As new inventions were being created, factories followed soon after. England wanted to keep its industrialization a secret, so they prohibited anyone who had worked in a factory to leave the country. Meanwhile, Americans offered a large reward to anyone who could build a cotton-spinning machine in the United States. Samuel Slater, who had worked in an English cotton factory, disguised himself and came to America. Once here, he reconstructed a cotton-spinning machine from what he remembered. He then went on and created a factory of his own. The Industrial Revolution had arrived in the United States. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in1793. It was a machine for getting seeds out of cotton. Where before the seeds had to be picked by hand, slaves used the machines to significantly increase production. Later on, Whitney became quite famous for building muskets with interchangeable parts. These were the easiest and fastest guns to make. They became very popular due to their lower cost. Another man who helped the Industrial Revolution was Robert Fulton who invented the steam engine. Robert Fulton was a famous inventor and engineer. His engine was used to power steamboats all over the United States. He built a paddle...

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Suitable For Discharge Back Into The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Suitable For Discharge Back Into The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay The environment that we live in is our most valuable asset and we must not damage it by polluting the air, water ways and the earth. The concern about our environment has been taken into a serious matter in which all people and industries must play their part in keeping our environment clean and safe to live for a long time to come. The implementation of waste water treatment in private sector was a good effort from keeping the environment from being damage. In general, wastewater treatment is the process of taking wastewater and making it suitable for discharge back into the environment. Blower is one of mechanical devices that play very important role in waste water treatment. Its main function is to supply pressurized air with sufficient oxygen to meet process needs. 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H:DCIM102_PANAP1020888.JPGH:DCIM102_PANAP1020894.JPG Fig 1 The 6(six) inch stainless steel pipeline used as support to lift and move out blower These problems have motivate this project to design fully safe of new technique to lift and move out blowers as well as other equipments in order to help maintenance work involve in Blower Room, Waste Water Treatment Section, Synthomer Pasir Gudang Plant. Objective The aims of this project are: To design suitable blower lifter for maintenance activities at Blower Room, Waste Water Treatment, Synthomer Pasir Gudang Plant To propose fabrication of blower lifter Scope of Project The scope of this project will focus on design blower lifter based on problems involve in Blower Room, Waste Water Treatment Section, Synthomer Pasir Gudang Plant. The data and problems are taken directly from Synthomer Pasir Gudang Plant and any related data from others company that have Waste Water Treatment Plant will be neglected. 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Establish Target Specification Brainstorming Generate Product Concept Generate multiple concepts Concept Evaluation Pugh Chart Test against Specification CAD Detail Design FEM Simulation Testing Refinement Propose Fabrication Process Method Identify needs and problem define Ability to generate good engineering specification shows the person really understand the problems [1][2]. The initial stage of design process requires person to select specific client and identify need [3]. In this stage, there are two methods to identify the need: through observation from previous industrial training and need from employees, Synthomer Pasir Gudang Plant especially workers at Mechanical Maintenance branch, Engineering Department. Establish Target Specification Based on the workers needs and problem define from the observation, a list of target specification will establish [2]. The method to generate specification is using Product Design Specification (PDS) diagram and some literature review from existing product in market. Generate Product Concept [1] Ullman [2] epingger [3] paul m educate engineer [v] Filipp0 pds Task Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Project title selection Understanding the project title Determined the project objective Brainstorming Collecting data Literature review Report Writing Presentation Lagend: Planning Actual SFSFSF Task Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Conceptual Design Identify Need Problem Definition Establish Target Specification Generate Product Concept System-Level Design Select Product Concept(s) Test product Concept(s) Final Product Specification Plan Downstream Development Detail Design Details Drawing Bill of Materials Costing Testing Refinement Presentation Report Submission Lagend: Planning Actual F Methodology CHAPTER 2 Basic Wastewater treatment Process The goal of waste water treatment plant is to protect the environment in a manner commensurate with socio-economic and public health concerns. Wastewater is a combination of water and waste carried water come from homes, industrial and commercial facilities and institutions. Wastewater generally contains high levels of organic material, toxic, numerous pathogenic microorganisms and nutrients that extremely hazards to public health as well as lead to environmental pollution. So, wastewater must be treated appropriately before dispose to surroundings. Treatment of waste water usually carried out in four stages (Fig. 3), commonly referred as preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment [5]. Preliminary Primary Secondary Tertiaryhttp://www.membrane-solutions.com/img/product/water-treatment-process.jpg Fig. 3 Various treatment levels in a waste-water treatment plant flow diagram 1. Preliminary treatment Preliminary treatment prepares waste-water influent for further treatment by reducing or eliminating non-favourable waste-water characteristics that might otherwise impede operation or excessively increase maintenance of downstream processes and equipment. These characteristics include large solids and rags, abrasive grit, odours, and, in certain cases, unacceptable for organic loadings. Preliminary treatment processes consist of physical unit operations, namely screening and commination for the removal of debris and rags, grit removal for the elimination of coarse suspended matter, and flotation for the removal of oil and grease. Other preliminary treatment operations include flow equalization, septage handling, and odour control. 2. Primary treatment Primary treatment involves the partial removal of suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewater by means of physical operations such as screening and sedimentation. 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Tertiary or advanced waste-water treatment Tertiary treatment goes beyond the level of secondary treatment with 99 percent of impurities such as significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, biodegradable organics, bacteria and viruses is removes from sewage where producing an effluent at almost drinking-water quality. In addition to biological nutrient removal processes, unit operations frequently used for this purpose include chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, followed by filtration and activated carbon. Less frequently used processes include ion exchange and reverse osmosis for specific ion removal or for dissolved solids reduction. [5] Metcalf and Eddy. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1991. Process Flow Diagram The high organic load wastewater stream from the production plant is transferred to Equalization tank #1 (EQ-1) where organic and hydraulic Loading is equalized. Air is supply to the equalization tank for mixing and to prevent the wastewater from septic condition. When the accumulate wastewater reach to the set point level, the EQ pump will transfer the wastewater to Equalization tank #2 (EQ-2) and to mix with the other composite wastewater from the production plant. The organic and hydraulic loading is equalized again for further biological treatment. The composite wastewater from EQ-2 shall be transferred and pumped for Secondary Treatment, an aerobic treatment system namely Alternative Intermittent Cyclic Reactor (AICAR) via neutralization tank. pH of the wastewater is adjusted to ensure the aerobic digester operates at its optimum efficiency. All chemical dosing pumps are synchronized with the level switch. The pH is monitored and adjusted according to the set points by an automatic dosing pump system. Three (3) AICAR reactors are designed to handle the wastewater at an average flow from EQ-2. Each AICAR consist of two sub-reactors. AICAR operates in continuous mode on alternatively feeding and discharging wastewater from the reactor. One AICAR is allowed to stop for maintenance at one time while the others shall be at maximum operating efficiency. AICAR operates at 3 cycles per day per reactor in normal operation . During maintenance, only two AICAR reactors are set for running mode . When AICAR-1 is in feeding mode, first half of the reactor is in aeration while second half of the reactor is in settling and decanting mode. The circulation/sludge pump will be turned on to equalize solids content in aeration tank and at the same time, the sludge pump will operate as sludge wastage pump. At this stage, AICAR-2 3 are fully in aeration basis where the blower BL-02 and BL-03 are operating against the dissolved oxygen level in the reactor. The blower-diffuser system is provided to maintain the oxygen requirement in the aerobic treatment system. The air supply system is controlled by the online dissolved oxygen (DO) meter and the frequency of the blower motor is varied against DO content in water during normal aeration cycle. However, there will be a fix blower operation frequency during the feeding cycle to ensure sufficient oxygen provided for high organic load during feeding. The secondary treated wastewater is collected in the weir compartment of all AICAR and distributed into BioNET (Biological New Environmental Technology) reactor as tertiary treatment system. BioNET will act as a biological polishing system for refractory COD and at the same time will function as an ammonia nitrogen removal system BioNET reactor consists of two parallel lines (Figure 5). The reactors are filled with porous PU foam or non-woven fibres as reactors carriers that offer a large surface area for micro-organism adherence and growth. Wastewater will flow from the bottom of the BioNET reactor and in contact with the organism which attached to the BioNET carriers. BioNET will be backwashed to release excessive bio-growth to maintain the efficiency of the bacterial digestion. The SOP for the BioNET operation is shown in Table 1. All AICAR and BioNET operation will be prefixed with PLC system. After tertiary treatment, the treated wastewater will then flow into a Clarifier for solids separation. Patented Settling Tube is used in the modified clarifier to separate solid/biomass and supernatant or clear water is discharge to main drain as final discharge treated water. Electromagnetic flowmeter, pH The final discharge water. Flow and pH monitoring is to fulfil the regulatory requirement by the DOE. Wastage sludge from AICAR and settled sludge from Clarifier shall discharge to the drum thickener for thickening purposes before transferred to sludge holding tank. 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